Category: Helpful Articles

If you own rental real estate, its classification as a trade or business rather than an investment can have a big impact on your tax bill. The distinction is especially important because of the 20% Sec. 199A deduction for certain sole proprietors and pass-through entity owners. This article provides a brief overview of the deduction and rental real estate guidance related to it.

Determining if a property is a business or an investment

If you own rental real estate, its classification as a trade or business rather than an investment can have a big impact on your tax bill. The distinction is especially important because of the 20% Section 199A deduction for certain sole proprietors and pass-through entity owners.

The 199A deduction is available for qualified business income (QBI), which can come from an eligible trade or business, but not from an investment. So, assuming you otherwise meet the requirements, qualifying your rental real estate activities as a trade or business may yield substantial tax savings. Fortunately, an IRS Revenue Procedure establishes a safe harbor.

A brief review

The 199A deduction is too complex to cover fully here. But, in general, it allows owners of sole proprietorships and pass-through entities — partnerships, S corporations and, generally limited liability companies (LLCs) — to deduct as much as 20% of their net business income, without the need to itemize.

Eligible owners are entitled to the full deduction so long as their taxable income doesn’t exceed an inflation-adjusted threshold (for tax year 2021, $164,900 for singles and heads of households; $329,800 for joint filers). Above the threshold, the deduction may be reduced or eliminated for businesses that perform certain services or lack sufficient W-2 wages or depreciable property.

Rental real estate guidance

According to the IRS, for purposes of the 199A deduction, an enterprise is a trade or business if it qualifies as such under Internal Revenue Code Section 162. That section doesn’t expressly define “trade or business” — it’s determined on a case-by-case basis based on various factors. Generally, a trade or business is an activity conducted “on a regular, continuous and substantial basis” with the aim of earning a profit.

Uncertainty over whether rental real estate qualifies, especially for taxpayers with one or two properties, prompted the IRS to issue Revenue Procedure 2019-38 to establish a safe harbor. Under the Revenue Procedure, a rental real estate enterprise (RREE) is deemed a trade or business if the taxpayer (you or a “relevant pass-through entity” in which you own an interest):

• Maintains separate books and records for the enterprise,
• Performs at least 250 hours of rental services per year (for an enterprise that’s at least four years old, this requirement is satisfied if you meet the 250-hour test in at least three of the last five years),
• Keeps logs, time reports or other contemporaneous records detailing the services performed, and
• Files a statement with his or her tax return.

The Revenue Procedure lists the types of services that count toward the 250-hour minimum and clarifies that they may be performed by the owner or by employees or contractors. It also defines an RREE as one or more rental properties held directly by the taxpayer or through disregarded entities (for example, a single-member LLC).

Generally, taxpayers must either treat each rental property as a separate enterprise or treat all similar properties as a single enterprise. Commercial and residential properties, for example, can’t be combined in the same enterprise.

Planning opportunities

There may be opportunities to restructure rental activities to take full advantage of the safe harbor. For example, Marilyn owns a rental residential building and a rental commercial building and performs 125 hours of rental services per year for each property. As noted, she can’t combine the properties into a single enterprise, so she doesn’t pass the 250-hour test.

But let’s say she exchanges the residential building for another commercial building for which she provides 125 hours of services. Then she can treat the two commercial buildings as a single enterprise and qualify for the safe harbor (provided the other requirements are met).

Don’t try this at home

The tax treatment of rental real estate is complex. To take advantage of the 199A deduction or other tax benefits for rental real estate, consult your tax advisor.

Sidebar: Are you a real estate professional?

Ordinarily, taxpayers who “materially participate” in a trade or business are entitled to deduct losses against wages or other ordinary income and to avoid net investment income tax on income from the business. The IRS uses several tests to measure material participation. For example, you materially participate in an activity if you devote more than 500 hours per year, or if you devote more than 100 hours and no one else participates more.

Rental real estate, however, is generally deemed to be a passive activity — that is, one in which you don’t materially participate — regardless of how much time you spend on it. There’s an exception, however, for “real estate professionals.”

To qualify for the exception, you must spend at least 750 hours per year — and more than half of your total working hours — on real estate businesses (such as development, construction, leasing, brokerage or management) in which you materially participate. (The hours you spend as an employee don’t count, unless you own at least 5% of the business.)

© 2021

For personalized guidance, contact one of our tax experts.

WASHINGTON – The Internal Revenue Service today explained how expanded tax benefits can help both individuals and businesses give to charity before the end of this year.

The Taxpayer Certainty and Disaster Tax Relief Act of 2020, enacted last December, provides several provisions to help individuals and businesses who give to charity. The new law generally extends through the end of 2021 four temporary tax changes originally enacted by the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. Here is a rundown of these changes.

Deduction for individuals who don’t itemize; cash donations up to $600 qualify

Ordinarily, individuals who elect to take the standard deduction cannot claim a deduction for their charitable contributions. The law now permits these individuals to claim a limited deduction on their 2021 federal income tax returns for cash contributions made to certain qualifying charitable organizations. Nearly nine in 10 taxpayers now take the standard deduction and could potentially qualify to claim a limited deduction for cash contributions.

These individuals, including married individuals filing separate returns, can claim a deduction of up to $300 for cash contributions made to qualifying charities during 2021. The maximum deduction is increased to $600 for married individuals filing joint returns.

Cash contributions to most charitable organizations qualify. However, cash contributions made either to supporting organizations or to establish or maintain a donor advised fund do not qualify. Cash contributions carried forward from prior years do not qualify, nor do cash contributions to most private foundations and most cash contributions to charitable remainder trusts. In general, a donor-advised fund is a fund or account maintained by a charity in which a donor can, because of being a donor, advise the fund on how to distribute or invest amounts contributed by the donor and held in the fund. A supporting organization is a charity that carries out its exempt purposes by supporting other exempt organizations, usually other public charities. See Publication 526 for more information on the types of organizations that qualify.

Cash contributions include those made by check, credit card or debit card as well as amounts incurred by an individual for unreimbursed out-of-pocket expenses in connection with the individual’s volunteer services to a qualifying charitable organization. Cash contributions don’t include the value of volunteer services, securities, household items or other property.

100% limit on eligible cash contributions made by itemizers in 2021

Subject to certain limits, individuals who itemize may generally claim a deduction for charitable contributions made to qualifying charitable organizations. These limits typically range from 20% to 60% of adjusted gross income (AGI) and vary by the type of contribution and type of charitable organization. For example, a cash contribution made by an individual to a qualifying public charity is generally limited to 60% of the individual’s AGI. Excess contributions may be carried forward for up to five tax years.

The law now permits electing individuals to apply an increased limit (“Increased Individual Limit”), up to 100% of their AGI, for qualified contributions made during calendar-year 2021. Qualified contributions are contributions made in cash to qualifying charitable organizations.

As with the new limited deduction for nonitemizers, cash contributions to most charitable organizations qualify, but, cash contributions made either to supporting organizations or to establish or maintain a donor advised fund, do not. Nor do cash contributions to private foundations and most cash contributions to charitable remainder trusts

Unless an individual makes the election for any given qualified cash contribution, the usual percentage limit applies. Keep in mind that an individual’s other allowed charitable contribution deductions reduce the maximum amount allowed under this election. Eligible individuals must make their elections with their 2021 Form 1040 or Form 1040-SR.

Corporate limit increased to 25% of taxable income

The law now permits C corporations to apply an increased limit (Increased Corporate Limit) of 25% of taxable income for charitable contributions of cash they make to eligible charities during calendar-year 2021. Normally, the maximum allowable deduction is limited to 10% of a corporation’s taxable income.

Again, the Increased Corporate Limit does not automatically apply. C corporations must elect the Increased Corporate Limit on a contribution-by-contribution basis.

Increased limits on amounts deductible by businesses for certain donated food inventory

Businesses donating food inventory that are eligible for the existing enhanced deduction (for contributions for the care of the ill, needy and infants) may qualify for increased deduction limits. For contributions made in 2021, the limit for these contribution deductions is increased from 15% to 25%. For C corporations, the 25% limit is based on their taxable income. For other businesses, including sole proprietorships, partnerships, and S corporations, the limit is based on their aggregate net income for the year from all trades or businesses from which the contributions are made. A special method for computing the enhanced deduction continues to apply, as do food quality standards and other requirements.

Keep good records

The IRS reminds individuals and businesses that special recordkeeping rules apply to any taxpayer claiming a charitable contribution deduction. Usually, this includes obtaining an acknowledgment letter from the charity before filing a return and retaining a cancelled check or credit card receipt for contributions of cash. For donations of property, additional recordkeeping rules apply, and may include filing a Form 8283 and obtaining a qualified appraisal in some instances.

For details on how to apply the percentage limits and a description of the recordkeeping rules for substantiating gifts to charity, see Publication 526, Charitable Contributions, available on IRS.gov.

The IRS also encourages employers to help get the word out about the advanced payments of the Child Tax Credit because they have direct access to many employees and individuals who receive this credit. More information on the Advanced Child Tax Credit is available on IRS.gov.

For more information about other Coronavirus-related tax relief, visit IRS.gov/Coronavirus.

*Article from IRS Newswire

WASHINGTON — Victims of Hurricane Ida in parts of Mississippi now have until Nov. 1, 2021, to file various individual and business tax returns and make tax payments, the Internal Revenue Service announced today.

The IRS is offering relief to any area designated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as qualifying for individual or public assistance. Currently, individuals and households affected by Hurricane Ida that reside or have a business in all 82 counties and the Mississippi Choctaw Indian Reservation qualify for tax relief. The current list of eligible localities is always available on the disaster relief page on IRS.gov.

“The IRS stands ready to help people and businesses affected by Hurricane Ida, now and in the weeks ahead,” said IRS Commissioner Chuck Rettig.

The tax relief postpones various tax filing and payment deadlines that occurred starting on Aug. 28, 2021. As a result, affected individuals and businesses will have until Nov. 1, 2021, to file returns and pay any taxes that were originally due during this period. This means individuals who had a valid extension to file their 2020 return due to run out on Oct. 15, 2021, will now have until Nov. 1, 2021, to file. The IRS noted, however, that because tax payments related to these 2020 returns were due on May 17, 2021, those payments are not eligible for this relief.

The Nov. 1, 2021 deadline also applies to quarterly estimated income tax payments due on Sept. 15, 2021, and the quarterly payroll and excise tax returns normally due on Nov. 1, 2021. Businesses with an original or extended due date also have the additional time including, among others, calendar-year partnerships and S corporations whose 2020 extensions run out on Sept. 15, 2021 and calendar-year corporations whose 2020 extensions run out on Oct. 15, 2021.    

In addition, penalties on payroll and excise tax deposits due on or after Aug. 28, 2021 and before Sept. 13, will be abated as long as the deposits are made by Sept. 13, 2021.

The IRS disaster relief page has details on other returns, payments and tax-related actions qualifying for the additional time.

The IRS automatically provides filing and penalty relief to any taxpayer with an IRS address of record located in the disaster area. Therefore, taxpayers do not need to contact the agency to get this relief. However, if an affected taxpayer receives a late filing or late payment penalty notice from the IRS that has an original or extended filing, payment or deposit due date falling within the postponement period, the taxpayer should call the number on the notice to have the penalty abated.

In addition, the IRS will work with any taxpayer who lives outside the disaster area but whose records necessary to meet a deadline occurring during the postponement period are located in the affected area. Taxpayers qualifying for relief who live outside the disaster area need to contact the IRS at 866-562-5227. This also includes workers assisting the relief activities who are affiliated with a recognized government or philanthropic organization.

Individuals and businesses in a federally declared disaster area who suffered uninsured or unreimbursed disaster-related losses can choose to claim them on either the return for the year the loss occurred (in this instance, the 2021 return normally filed next year), or the return for the prior year (2020). Be sure to write the FEMA declaration number – EM-3569 − on any return claiming a loss. See Publication 547 for details.

The tax relief is part of a coordinated federal response to the damage caused by Hurricane Ida and is based on local damage assessments by FEMA. For information on disaster recovery, visit disasterassistance.gov.

*Article from IRS Newswire

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic and a gig economy, there is now a larger population of workers that do not qualify for tax withholding. Many of these individuals are likely going to make estimated tax payments for the first time this year.

Self-employed individuals, small business owners, and wage earners that do not qualify for tax withholding should consider making estimated tax payments to avoid having to pay in and face a possible penalty when filing next year. The next deadline for the estimated tax payment is September 15, 2021 and the final deadline is January 15, 2022.

Individuals who expect to owe $1,000 or more when filing their tax return should make estimated tax payments. To calculate your estimated tax payments, use Form 1040-ES.

Contact one of our tax experts with questions about making estimated tax payments.

More resources:
ATA Tax Resources
IRS Estimated Tax Payment Information